File Handling

File operations are a core part of many Go applications. Go provides a rich set of APIs in the os, io, and io/fs packages for file and directory management. This note covers file creation, reading, writing, permissions, metadata, directory operations, and best practices.

File Creation and Opening

Go offers several ways to create and open files, each suited for different scenarios:

• Create a new file (or truncate if exists):

  file, err := os.Create("example.txt") // O_WRONLY|O_CREATE|O_TRUNC
  if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) }
  defer file.Close()

• Open an existing file for reading:

  file, err := os.Open("example.txt") // O_RDONLY
  if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) }
  defer file.Close()

• Open a file with custom flags and permissions:

  file, err := os.OpenFile("example.txt", os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0644)
  if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) }
  defer file.Close()

File Flags

• os.O_RDONLY: read-only
• os.O_WRONLY: write-only
• os.O_RDWR: read-write
• os.O_CREATE: create if not exists
• os.O_APPEND: append to file
• os.O_TRUNC: truncate file when opening

File Permissions

Permissions are specified as an octal number (e.g., 0644). They control who can read, write, or execute the file:

• 0400: read-only (owner)
• 0600: read/write (owner)
• 0644: owner read/write, others read
• 0755: owner all, others read/execute

Writing to Files

We can write to files using several methods:

• Write bytes:

  _, err := file.Write([]byte("Hello, World!\n"))

• Write strings:

  _, err := file.WriteString("Another line\n")

• Formatted output:

  fmt.Fprintf(file, "Number: %d\n", 42)

For simple cases, use os.WriteFile (Go 1.16+):

err := os.WriteFile("output.txt", []byte("Quick write!"), 0644)

Reading from Files

There are multiple ways to read files in Go:

• Read bytes:

  data := make([]byte, 100)
  n, err := file.Read(data)
  fmt.Println(string(data[:n]))

• Buffered reading (for large files):

  reader := bufio.NewReader(file)
  line, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
  fmt.Println(line)

• Read entire file (small files):

  content, err := os.ReadFile("example.txt")
  if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) }
  fmt.Println(string(content))

Closing Files

Always close files after use to free resources. The idiomatic way is:

defer file.Close()

File Metadata and Existence

Use os.Stat to get file info and check existence:

info, err := os.Stat("example.txt")
if os.IsNotExist(err) {
    fmt.Println("File does not exist")
} else {
    fmt.Println("Size:", info.Size())
    fmt.Println("Permissions:", info.Mode())
    fmt.Println("IsDir:", info.IsDir())
    fmt.Println("ModTime:", info.ModTime())
}

Deleting, Renaming, and Moving Files

• Delete a file:

  err := os.Remove("example.txt")

• Rename or move a file:

  err := os.Rename("old.txt", "new.txt")

Working with Directories

• Create a single directory:

  err := os.Mkdir("mydir", 0755)

  • Fails if parent does not exist.

• Create nested directories:

  err := os.MkdirAll("parent/child/grandchild", 0755)

  • Creates all missing parents in the path.

Difference: os.Mkdir creates only one directory and fails if the parent is missing. os.MkdirAll creates all necessary parent directories.

• List files in a directory:

  files, err := os.ReadDir(".")
  for _, f := range files {
      fmt.Println(f.Name())
  }

File and Directory Permissions

Permissions are crucial for security. Always set the minimum required permissions. Use os.Chmod to change permissions:

err := os.Chmod("example.txt", 0600)